the analysis of second home tourism development on physical changes in rural areas (case study: baraghan rural district of savojbolagh township)

نویسندگان

فضیله دادورخانی

دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشکدة جغرافیای دانشگاه تهران و عضو قطب علمی برنامه ریزی روستایی حمید زمانی

دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی توریسم دانشگاه تهران مجتبی قدیری معصوم

استاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشکدة جغرافیای دانشگاه تهران اسمعیل عاشری

رئیس گروه فنی و اجرایی دفتر نظارت و ارزیابی امور عمرانی بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی

چکیده

introduction internationally, the most widely used term to describe the phenomenon of people owning or utilizing some sort of dwelling for recreational and secondary purposes is a second home. throughout the world, many different terms are used to describe second home. however, even if differences in defining the phenomenon do occur, the similarities between the terms and definitions are obvious; so, we can declare that a second home is a dwelling used for temporal visits by the owner or someone else, and is not the user’s permanent place of residence. the core of second home definitions is that the owners of a second home must have their primary residence somewhere else, where they spend the majority of their time. second homes tourism is one of the most important tourism patterns in rural areas. it can be both positive and negative effects on many aspects of rural areas, especially in the physical ones.   mehodology the aim of this article is to explore the second home development effects on the permanent resident’s life in rural areas. despite different effects of these houses, it has focuses on physical effects that occur in the baraghan district in savojbolagh township. there are a variety of physical and environmental problems, such as changes in physical structure of agricultural land, changes in agricultural land use to second houses for urban dwellers, landscape destruction, air and soil pollution, increases in traffic, but the second homes in rural area can have some positive effect as well. such as improving of the cultural communication through networking and face to face communication and it develops the road and transportation facilities, this article is going to focuss on the physical changes due to development of second homes as an important aspect of the tourism affects. the methods which applied in the research are descriptive– analytical method. research’s data has gathered by questionair which its validity examined by professional team and reliability approved with cronbach's alpha as 0.80. the research population was about 550 household which were living in the four villages in baraghan rural district. then the obtained data was analysised by the spss software. by applying cochran formula, we selected 150 households as a sample randomly.    reults the research finding shows that the effects associated with second home tourism development predominantly are focus on changing in the structure and pattern of permanent residents housses such as architecture, components, equipment, facilities, spaces and rural livelihoods, as well as infrastructure services, indicating that environmental changes widespread and uncontrolled manipulation of the natural environment and measures such as turning buildings into productive gardens, villas, changing the traditional structure housing residents, reduced access to land and housing residents. the results shows that effects associated with second home tourism development with a focus on five major domains of architecture, facilities, changing in rural livelihood spaces, infrastructure services, indicate that there is widespread and uncontrolled demolition of the natural environment. also, it accompanied with changing the land use of horticultural land to houses for urban dwellers, changes in traditional patterns of rural houses, more limitation for rural residences to access to the land, applying the imported and different constructional matterials cused heterogeny in the rural landscape. also, vanishing the work space in the rural tradition houses is the other subsequence of second house tourism development. the other tourism, second homes, and leaving its negative aspects such as physical, the village becomes unstable. on the other hand, shtd also creates negative affects, as it led to unsustainability of rural areas.   conclusion the reduction in negative effects and increasing in the positive affect cannot be happen without a comprehensive an effective rural tourism planning. it should include rural housing a physical development as well.    reference anabestany, a. (2007). the formation process factors affecting second homes in rural areas (about: west country village mashhad). human geography research, no. 74, pp. 117-103. anabestany, a. (2005). the physical effects on the development of second homes in rural settlements, villages, summer in the city of mashhad, journal of rural development, no. 4, pp. 149-166. amar, teimour (1999). analysis of case studies of rural houses in rural areas khorgami roudbar city, geographical landscape quarterly, number 1. adyngton, jim (1995). ecological, recreational activities and tourism, translated by ismail kahrom, published by the environmental protection agency. ardestani, m. (2003). principles of rural tourism. publications, ministry of culture and islamic guidance. baghiany, hamid.raza, (2005). analysis of the physical consequences- space tourism second homes in rural areas (about: mountain lion-city district taft), master of science thesis, tehran university. dadvar khani, fazileh; nik sirat, masood (2007). strategic planning in rural areas, desert hiking (case study: village khranq - ardekan city, yazd province), journal of rural studies, no. 4, pp. 43. dadvar-khani, fazileh (2012). participation of rural community and tourism development in iran, community development, 43: 2, 259-277. firouznia,ghadir; roknodin eftekhari, a.; khani, m. (2009). implications of open apartment building (second homes) in rural areas: rural tarrod city damavand, journal - research geographic society of iran, pp. 149-170. fredrik rye, johan (2011). conflicts and contestations. rural populations perspectives on the second homes phenomenon, journal of rural studies 27, 263e274, contents lists available at sciencedirect. ghadiri, m.; pazeky, m. (2001). sustainable tourism (rural and tribal), tehran university press. hall, michael; diter muler (2004). tourism, mobility and second homes, clevedon, uk: channel view publications, 304, isbn 1-873150-80-6 (pbk): £24.95; us$129.95. 1-873150-81-4 (hbk). hasani, mehr; sasede sedigheh, shahvran, hamid (2007). surprisingly rural tourism development with emphasis on the consequences of land use change, journal of human geography, no. i, pp. 192-177. hoogendoorn, gijsbe; mellett, gustav; visser, robynand (2005). second homes tourism in africa: reflections on the south african experience, urban forum, vol. 16, no. 2-3. hoogendoorn, gijsbert; mellett, robynand; visser, gustav (2005). second homestourism in africa: reflections on the south african experience, urbanforum, vol. 16, no. 2-3. hoogendoorn, gijsbert; mellett, robyn; visser, gustav (2005). second homes tourism in africa: reflections on the south african experience urban forum, vol. 16, nos. 2-3, 115-154. jason. b.; muller, d.k. (2003). fritidsboendets i k varkenradet. marjavaara, roger, (2007). route to destruction? second home tourism in small island communities, department of social and economic geography umeå university sweden, island studies journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 27-46. marjavaara, r. (2008). second home tourism the root to displacement in sweden?, doctoral dissertation department of social and economic geography umea university, sweden. muller, d.k.; hall, c.m.; keen, d. (2004). second home tourism impact, management. in c,m, hall, and d,k., muller (eds) tourism, mobility and second homes: between elite landscape and common ground, 15- 32. müller, dieter k. (2000). second home tourim and sustainable development in north european peripheries, department of social and economic geography, umeå university, se-901 87. nozari, samira (2001). the role of second homes in rural economic development, land use change and kurds, masters thesis, tehran university. rezvani, m. (2003). the development of rural tourism, sustainable tourism approach, tehran university press. rezvani, mohammad reza; akbarian, ronizi, mohammad reza; roknodin eftekhari, a.; badri, ali (2009). comparative analysis of the economic impact of tourism on rural areas second homes with daily tourism with sustainable development approach (by: city shemiranat , tehran province) rural studies, no. iv, pp. 35-62. rezvani, mohammad reza (1993). the study and development of second homes in rural areas of north tehran, geographical research, no. 45, pp. 59-73. roberts, l.; hall, d. (2001). rural tourism and recreation: principles to practice. wallingford: cabi publishing. sharply, r. (2002). t rural tourism and the callaged of tourism diversification: the cace of cyprus, tourism management, vol. 23, 233-344. sepahvand, f. (2007). the second home tourism in improving the quality of life of local residents (item: shemiranat city, tehran), ms thesis, tehran university. sharply, julia richard (1980). rural tourism, translation of mercy. clerk of fatima nasir mohammad zadeh, press secretary. salehinasab, zahra (1997). the effects on tourism and second homes in rural areas (item: the city qsran roudbar shemiranat), master of science thesis, tehran university. wall and smith (1982). tourism alternatives: potential and problems in the development of tourism, philadelphia: university of pennsylvania press. wolfe, r.i. (1951). summer cottagers in ontario.economic geography 27 (1), 10-32.

برای دانلود باید عضویت طلایی داشته باشید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

On the Effects of Tourism Development on Rural Areas (A Case Study of Giayn District, Nahvand County)

Tourism plays a significant role in the development of the society at different levels and is seen as an important source of employment and income especially in rural areas. Considering its different potential impacts, the present study aims to explore the effects of tourism development on the rural area of Giyan district. The target population comprised the residents of rural areas in the vici...

متن کامل

Rural tourism capacity measurement and its role in the spatial and economic development in mountain areas Case study: villages in the central district of Damavand township

Introduction The tourism industry can provide a good platform for investment, and because of its less reliance on resources, provides an opportunity for less developed countries to stimulate their economic growth to increase production and create job opportunities. Meanwhile, the villages have very favorable and special conditions in accordance with their cultural, social, economic, geographic...

متن کامل

Effects of Tourism on Rural Development in Iran (Case Study: Myshkhas Rural in Ilam)

The rural tourism as the most popular forms of tourism can be regarded as a policy to reduce the problems of rural areas. Rural tourism, is a risk factor for the development of rural areas, including most the effects of its population stable, solve unemployment, reduced migration and more. This study aimed to detection effects of tourism in Myshkhas Rural Center development in Ilam Province. A ...

متن کامل

the pathology of home business development in rural areas (case study: dyshmuk district in kohgiluyeh county)

purpose: today working at home are considered as important solutions for making jobs and income in throughout the word. the ability of doing this works at home causes the practitioners profit a lot. the main purpose of this issue is pathology of developing home jobs in rural areas in dishmuk district and also recognition of the most main motives in people’s tendency towards those jobs and the p...

متن کامل

The analysis of tourism development in rural settlements of Sari

The increasing rate of unemployment and young age bracket migration from relatively rural settlement are being considered as one of the most prominent threats in rural communities during past decades. It is argued that tourism provides high potential settling in this regard. It is capable of generating job opportunities and counter stream migration. Taking into consideration the existing potent...

متن کامل

effect of tourism on sustainable rural livelihoods (case study: baraghan village - savojbolagh county)

introduction tourism has recently been introduced and recognized as one of the strategies for rural development and poverty reduction especially in developing countries and been implemented and proved successful in some areas. these researchers contend that tourism has many advantages over other economic sectors, making it an effective tool for poverty alleviation. these advantages include: pro...

متن کامل

منابع من

با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید


عنوان ژورنال:
پژوهش های روستایی

جلد ۴، شماره ۲، صفحات ۲۷۷-۲۹۹

کلمات کلیدی
[ ' i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y ' , ' t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d t e r m t o d e s c r i b e t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f p e o p l e o w n i n g o r u t i l i z i n g s o m e s o r t o f d w e l l i n g f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a n d s e c o n d a r y p u r p o s e s i s a s e c o n d h o m e . t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d ' , ' m a n y d i f f e r e n t t e r m s a r e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e s e c o n d h o m e . h o w e v e r ' , ' e v e n i f d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e f i n i n g t h e p h e n o m e n o n d o o c c u r ' , ' t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e t e r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s a r e o b v i o u s ; s o ' , ' w e c a n d e c l a r e t h a t a s e c o n d h o m e i s a d w e l l i n g u s e d f o r t e m p o r a l v i s i t s b y t h e o w n e r o r s o m e o n e e l s e ' , ' a n d i s n o t t h e u s e r s p e r m a n e n t p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e . t h e c o r e o f s e c o n d h o m e d e f i n i t i o n s i s t h a t t h e o w n e r s o f a s e c o n d h o m e m u s t h a v e t h e i r p r i m a r y r e s i d e n c e s o m e w h e r e e l s e ' , ' w h e r e t h e y s p e n d t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e i r t i m e . s e c o n d h o m e s t o u r i s m i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t o u r i s m p a t t e r n s i n r u r a l a r e a s . i t c a n b e b o t h p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o n m a n y a s p e c t s o f r u r a l a r e a s ' , ' e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p h y s i c a l o n e s . x a 0 m e h o d o l o g y t h e a i m o f t h i s a r t i c l e i s t o e x p l o r e t h e s e c o n d h o m e d e v e l o p m e n t e f f e c t s o n t h e p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s l i f e i n r u r a l a r e a s . d e s p i t e d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s o f t h e s e h o u s e s ' , ' i t h a s f o c u s e s o n p h y s i c a l e f f e c t s t h a t o c c u r i n t h e b a r a g h a n d i s t r i c t i n s a v o j b o l a g h t o w n s h i p . t h e r e a r e a v a r i e t y o f p h y s i c a l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s ' , ' s u c h a s c h a n g e s i n p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d ' , ' c h a n g e s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d u s e t o s e c o n d h o u s e s f o r u r b a n d w e l l e r s ' , ' l a n d s c a p e d e s t r u c t i o n ' , ' a i r a n d s o i l p o l l u t i o n ' , ' i n c r e a s e s i n t r a f f i c ' , ' b u t t h e s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l a r e a c a n h a v e s o m e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t a s w e l l . s u c h a s i m p r o v i n g o f t h e c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h r o u g h n e t w o r k i n g a n d f a c e t o f a c e c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d i t d e v e l o p s t h e r o a d a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s ' , ' t h i s a r t i c l e i s g o i n g t o f o c u s s o n t h e p h y s i c a l c h a n g e s d u e t o d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e c o n d h o m e s a s a n i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f t h e t o u r i s m a f f e c t s . t h e m e t h o d s w h i c h a p p l i e d i n t h e r e s e a r c h a r e d e s c r i p t i v e a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d . r e s e a r c h s d a t a h a s g a t h e r e d b y q u e s t i o n a i r w h i c h i t s v a l i d i t y e x a m i n e d b y p r o f e s s i o n a l t e a m a n d r e l i a b i l i t y a p p r o v e d w i t h c r o n b a c h & a p o s ; s a l p h a a s 0 . 8 0 . t h e r e s e a r c h p o p u l a t i o n w a s a b o u t 5 5 0 h o u s e h o l d w h i c h w e r e l i v i n g i n t h e f o u r v i l l a g e s i n b a r a g h a n r u r a l d i s t r i c t . t h e n t h e o b t a i n e d d a t a w a s a n a l y s i s e d b y t h e s p s s s o f t w a r e . b y a p p l y i n g c o c h r a n f o r m u l a ' , ' w e s e l e c t e d 1 5 0 h o u s e h o l d s a s a s a m p l e r a n d o m l y . x a 0 x a 0 r e u l t s t h e r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s h o w s t h a t t h e e f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t p r e d o m i n a n t l y a r e f o c u s o n c h a n g i n g i n t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d p a t t e r n o f p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s h o u s s e s s u c h a s a r c h i t e c t u r e ' , ' c o m p o n e n t s ' , ' e q u i p m e n t ' , ' f a c i l i t i e s ' , ' s p a c e s a n d r u r a l l i v e l i h o o d s ' , ' a s w e l l a s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s e r v i c e s ' , ' i n d i c a t i n g t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s w i d e s p r e a d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t a n d m e a s u r e s s u c h a s t u r n i n g b u i l d i n g s i n t o p r o d u c t i v e g a r d e n s ' , ' v i l l a s ' , ' c h a n g i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e h o u s i n g r e s i d e n t s ' , ' r e d u c e d a c c e s s t o l a n d a n d h o u s i n g r e s i d e n t s . t h e r e s u l t s s h o w s t h a t e f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h a f o c u s o n f i v e m a j o r d o m a i n s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e ' , ' f a c i l i t i e s ' , ' c h a n g i n g i n r u r a l l i v e l i h o o d s p a c e s ' , ' i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s e r v i c e s ' , ' i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s w i d e s p r e a d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d d e m o l i t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . a l s o ' , ' i t a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h c h a n g i n g t h e l a n d u s e o f h o r t i c u l t u r a l l a n d t o h o u s e s f o r u r b a n d w e l l e r s ' , ' c h a n g e s i n t r a d i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s o f r u r a l h o u s e s ' , ' m o r e l i m i t a t i o n f o r r u r a l r e s i d e n c e s t o a c c e s s t o t h e l a n d ' , ' a p p l y i n g t h e i m p o r t e d a n d d i f f e r e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t t e r i a l s c u s e d h e t e r o g e n y i n t h e r u r a l l a n d s c a p e . a l s o ' , ' v a n i s h i n g t h e w o r k s p a c e i n t h e r u r a l t r a d i t i o n h o u s e s i s t h e o t h e r s u b s e q u e n c e o f s e c o n d h o u s e t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t . t h e o t h e r t o u r i s m ' , ' s e c o n d h o m e s ' , ' a n d l e a v i n g i t s n e g a t i v e a s p e c t s s u c h a s p h y s i c a l ' , ' t h e v i l l a g e b e c o m e s u n s t a b l e . o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ' , ' s h t d a l s o c r e a t e s n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s ' , ' a s i t l e d t o u n s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f r u r a l a r e a s . x a 0 c o n c l u s i o n t h e r e d u c t i o n i n n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s a n d i n c r e a s i n g i n t h e p o s i t i v e a f f e c t c a n n o t b e h a p p e n w i t h o u t a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n e f f e c t i v e r u r a l t o u r i s m p l a n n i n g . i t s h o u l d i n c l u d e r u r a l h o u s i n g a p h y s i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t a s w e l l . x a 0 x a 0 r e f e r e n c e a n a b e s t a n y ' , ' a . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . t h e f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l a r e a s ( a b o u t : w e s t c o u n t r y v i l l a g e m a s h h a d ) . h u m a n g e o g r a p h y r e s e a r c h ' , ' n o . 7 4 ' , ' p p . 1 1 7 ' , ' 1 0 3 . a n a b e s t a n y ' , ' a . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . t h e p h y s i c a l e f f e c t s o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s ' , ' v i l l a g e s ' , ' s u m m e r i n t h e c i t y o f m a s h h a d ' , ' j o u r n a l o f r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t ' , ' n o . 4 ' , ' p p . 1 4 9 ' , ' 1 6 6 . a m a r ' , ' t e i m o u r ( 1 9 9 9 ) . a n a l y s i s o f c a s e s t u d i e s o f r u r a l h o u s e s i n r u r a l a r e a s k h o r g a m i r o u d b a r c i t y ' , ' g e o g r a p h i c a l l a n d s c a p e q u a r t e r l y ' , ' n u m b e r 1 . a d y n g t o n ' , ' j i m ( 1 9 9 5 ) . e c o l o g i c a l ' , ' r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s a n d t o u r i s m ' , ' t r a n s l a t e d b y i s m a i l k a h r o m ' , ' p u b l i s h e d b y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a g e n c y . a r d e s t a n i ' , ' m . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . p r i n c i p l e s o f r u r a l t o u r i s m . p u b l i c a t i o n s ' , ' m i n i s t r y o f c u l t u r e a n d i s l a m i c g u i d a n c e . b a g h i a n y ' , ' h a m i d . r a z a ' , ' ( 2 0 0 5 ) . a n a l y s i s o f t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s e q u e n c e s ' , ' s p a c e t o u r i s m s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l a r e a s ( a b o u t : m o u n t a i n l i o n ' , ' c i t y d i s t r i c t t a f t ) ' , ' m a s t e r o f s c i e n c e t h e s i s ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y . d a d v a r k h a n i ' , ' f a z i l e h ; n i k s i r a t ' , ' m a s o o d ( 2 0 0 7 ) . s t r a t e g i c p l a n n i n g i n r u r a l a r e a s ' , ' d e s e r t h i k i n g ( c a s e s t u d y : v i l l a g e k h r a n q ' , ' a r d e k a n c i t y ' , ' y a z d p r o v i n c e ) ' , ' j o u r n a l o f r u r a l s t u d i e s ' , ' n o . 4 ' , ' p p . 4 3 . d a d v a r ' , ' k h a n i ' , ' f a z i l e h ( 2 0 1 2 ) . p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f r u r a l c o m m u n i t y a n d t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t i n i r a n ' , ' c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t ' , ' 4 3 : 2 ' , 2 5 9 , ' 2 7 7 . f i r o u z n i a ' , ' g h a d i r ; r o k n o d i n e f t e k h a r i ' , ' a . ; k h a n i ' , ' m . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . i m p l i c a t i o n s o f o p e n a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g ( s e c o n d h o m e s ) i n r u r a l a r e a s : r u r a l t a r r o d c i t y d a m a v a n d ' , ' j o u r n a l ' , ' r e s e a r c h g e o g r a p h i c s o c i e t y o f i r a n ' , ' p p . 1 4 9 ' , ' 1 7 0 . f r e d r i k r y e ' , ' j o h a n ( 2 0 1 1 ) . c o n f l i c t s a n d c o n t e s t a t i o n s . r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n s p e r s p e c t i v e s o n t h e s e c o n d h o m e s p h e n o m e n o n ' , ' j o u r n a l o f r u r a l s t u d i e s 2 7 ' , ' 2 6 3 e 2 7 4 ' , ' c o n t e n t s l i s t s a v a i l a b l e a t s c i e n c e d i r e c t . g h a d i r i ' , ' m . ; p a z e k y ' , ' m . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . s u s t a i n a b l e t o u r i s m ( r u r a l a n d t r i b a l ) ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s . h a l l ' , ' m i c h a e l ; d i t e r m u l e r ( 2 0 0 4 ) . t o u r i s m ' , ' m o b i l i t y a n d s e c o n d h o m e s ' , ' c l e v e d o n ' , ' u k : c h a n n e l v i e w p u b l i c a t i o n s ' , 3 0 4 , ' i s b n 1 ' , 8 7 3 1 5 0 , 8 0 , ' 6 ( p b k ) : £ 2 4 . 9 5 ; u s $ 1 2 9 . 9 5 . 1 ' , 8 7 3 1 5 0 , 8 1 , ' 4 ( h b k ) . h a s a n i ' , ' m e h r ; s a s e d e s e d i g h e h ' , ' s h a h v r a n ' , ' h a m i d ( 2 0 0 7 ) . s u r p r i s i n g l y r u r a l t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h e m p h a s i s o n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f l a n d u s e c h a n g e ' , ' j o u r n a l o f h u m a n g e o g r a p h y ' , ' n o . i ' , ' p p . 1 9 2 ' , ' 1 7 7 . h o o g e n d o o r n ' , ' g i j s b e ; m e l l e t t ' , ' g u s t a v ; v i s s e r ' , ' r o b y n a n d ( 2 0 0 5 ) . s e c o n d h o m e s t o u r i s m i n a f r i c a : r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e s o u t h a f r i c a n e x p e r i e n c e ' , ' u r b a n f o r u m ' , ' v o l . 1 6 ' , ' n o . 2 ' , ' 3 . h o o g e n d o o r n ' , ' g i j s b e r t ; m e l l e t t ' , ' r o b y n a n d ; v i s s e r ' , ' g u s t a v ( 2 0 0 5 ) . s e c o n d h o m e s t o u r i s m i n a f r i c a : r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e s o u t h a f r i c a n e x p e r i e n c e ' , ' u r b a n f o r u m ' , ' v o l . 1 6 ' , ' n o . 2 ' , ' 3 . h o o g e n d o o r n ' , ' g i j s b e r t ; m e l l e t t ' , ' r o b y n ; v i s s e r ' , ' g u s t a v ( 2 0 0 5 ) . s e c o n d h o m e s t o u r i s m i n a f r i c a : r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e s o u t h a f r i c a n e x p e r i e n c e u r b a n f o r u m ' , ' v o l . 1 6 ' , ' n o s . 2 ' , 3 , 1 1 5 , ' 1 5 4 . j a s o n . b . ; m u l l e r ' , ' d . k . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . f r i t i d s b o e n d e t s i k v a r k e n r a d e t . m a r j a v a a r a ' , ' r o g e r ' , ' ( 2 0 0 7 ) . r o u t e t o d e s t r u c t i o n ? s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m i n s m a l l i s l a n d c o m m u n i t i e s ' , ' d e p a r t m e n t o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c g e o g r a p h y u m e å u n i v e r s i t y s w e d e n ' , ' i s l a n d s t u d i e s j o u r n a l ' , ' v o l . 2 ' , ' n o . 1 ' , 2 7 , ' 4 6 . m a r j a v a a r a ' , ' r . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m t h e r o o t t o d i s p l a c e m e n t i n s w e d e n ? ' , ' d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n d e p a r t m e n t o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c g e o g r a p h y u m e a u n i v e r s i t y ' , ' s w e d e n . m u l l e r ' , ' d . k . ; h a l l ' , ' c . m . ; k e e n ' , ' d . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m i m p a c t ' , ' m a n a g e m e n t . i n c ' , ' m ' , ' h a l l ' , ' a n d d ' , ' k . ' , ' m u l l e r ( e d s ) t o u r i s m ' , ' m o b i l i t y a n d s e c o n d h o m e s : b e t w e e n e l i t e l a n d s c a p e a n d c o m m o n g r o u n d ' , 1 5 , ' 3 2 . m ü l l e r ' , ' d i e t e r k . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i m a n d s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t i n n o r t h e u r o p e a n p e r i p h e r i e s ' , ' d e p a r t m e n t o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c g e o g r a p h y ' , ' u m e å u n i v e r s i t y ' , ' s e ' , ' 9 0 1 8 7 . n o z a r i ' , ' s a m i r a ( 2 0 0 1 ) . t h e r o l e o f s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t ' , ' l a n d u s e c h a n g e a n d k u r d s ' , ' m a s t e r s t h e s i s ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y . r e z v a n i ' , ' m . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r u r a l t o u r i s m ' , ' s u s t a i n a b l e t o u r i s m a p p r o a c h ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s . r e z v a n i ' , ' m o h a m m a d r e z a ; a k b a r i a n ' , ' r o n i z i ' , ' m o h a m m a d r e z a ; r o k n o d i n e f t e k h a r i ' , ' a . ; b a d r i ' , ' a l i ( 2 0 0 9 ) . c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f t o u r i s m o n r u r a l a r e a s s e c o n d h o m e s w i t h d a i l y t o u r i s m w i t h s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a p p r o a c h ( b y : c i t y s h e m i r a n a t ' , ' t e h r a n p r o v i n c e ) r u r a l s t u d i e s ' , ' n o . i v ' , ' p p . 3 5 ' , ' 6 2 . r e z v a n i ' , ' m o h a m m a d r e z a ( 1 9 9 3 ) . t h e s t u d y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l a r e a s o f n o r t h t e h r a n ' , ' g e o g r a p h i c a l r e s e a r c h ' , ' n o . 4 5 ' , ' p p . 5 9 ' , ' 7 3 . r o b e r t s ' , ' l . ; h a l l ' , ' d . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . r u r a l t o u r i s m a n d r e c r e a t i o n : p r i n c i p l e s t o p r a c t i c e . w a l l i n g f o r d : c a b i p u b l i s h i n g . s h a r p l y ' , ' r . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . t r u r a l t o u r i s m a n d t h e c a l l a g e d o f t o u r i s m d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n : t h e c a c e o f c y p r u s ' , ' t o u r i s m m a n a g e m e n t ' , ' v o l . 2 3 ' , 2 3 3 , ' 3 4 4 . s e p a h v a n d ' , ' f . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . t h e s e c o n d h o m e t o u r i s m i n i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s ( i t e m : s h e m i r a n a t c i t y ' , ' t e h r a n ) ' , ' m s t h e s i s ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y . s h a r p l y ' , ' j u l i a r i c h a r d ( 1 9 8 0 ) . r u r a l t o u r i s m ' , ' t r a n s l a t i o n o f m e r c y . c l e r k o f f a t i m a n a s i r m o h a m m a d z a d e h ' , ' p r e s s s e c r e t a r y . s a l e h i n a s a b ' , ' z a h r a ( 1 9 9 7 ) . t h e e f f e c t s o n t o u r i s m a n d s e c o n d h o m e s i n r u r a l a r e a s ( i t e m : t h e c i t y q s r a n r o u d b a r s h e m i r a n a t ) ' , ' m a s t e r o f s c i e n c e t h e s i s ' , ' t e h r a n u n i v e r s i t y . w a l l a n d s m i t h ( 1 9 8 2 ) . t o u r i s m a l t e r n a t i v e s : p o t e n t i a l a n d p r o b l e m s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t o u r i s m ' , ' p h i l a d e l p h i a : u n i v e r s i t y o f p e n n s y l v a n i a p r e s s . w o l f e ' , ' r . i . ( 1 9 5 1 ) . s u m m e r c o t t a g e r s i n o n t a r i o . e c o n o m i c g e o g r a p h y 2 7 ( 1 ) ' , 1 0 , ' 3 2 . ' ]

میزبانی شده توسط پلتفرم ابری doprax.com

copyright © 2015-2023